Amazinga e-Wi-Fi Achaziwe: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

Bonke abasebenzisi be-inthanethi besimanje bayalazi igama elithi Wi-Fi. Kuyindlela yokuxhuma ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kwentambo. I-Wi-Fi wuphawu lokuhweba okuphethwe yi-Wi-Fi Alliance. Le nhlangano inesibopho sokuqinisekisa imikhiqizo ye-Wi-Fi uma ihlangabezana namazinga angenantambo angu-802.11 asethwe yi-IEEE. Yiziphi lezi zindinganiso? Ngokuyisisekelo ayisethi yokucaciswa eqhubeka ikhula njengoba amafrikhwensi amasha etholakala. Ngawo wonke amazinga amasha, inhloso ukuthuthukisa ukuphuma nobubanzi okungenantambo.

Ungase uhlangabezane nalezi zindinganiso uma ufuna ukuthenga igiya elisha lenethiwekhi engenantambo. Kunenqwaba yamazinga ahlukene ngalinye linesethi yalo yamakhono. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga elisha likhishiwe akusho ukuthi litholakala ngokushesha kumthengi noma udinga ukushintshela kulo. Izinga lokukhetha lincike ezidingweni zakho.

Abathengi ngokuvamile bathola amagama ajwayelekile kunzima ukuwaqonda. Lokho kungenxa yohlelo lwamagama olwamukelwe i-IEEE. Muva nje (ngo-2018), i-Wi-Fi Alliance ibihlose ukwenza amagama ajwayelekile asebenziseke kalula. Ngakho-ke, manje sebeqhamuke nezinombolo zamagama/inguqulo okulula ukuziqonda. Amagama alula, nokho, angamazinga akamuva kuphela. Futhi, i-IEEE isabhekisela kumazinga asebenzisa uhlelo oludala. Ngakho-ke, kuwumqondo omuhle ukujwayelana nohlelo lokuqamba lwe-IEEE futhi.

Okuqukethwe[ fihla ]

• Amazinga e-Wi-Fi Achaziwe: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a
• Yini i-802.11?
• 1. 802.11b
• 2. 802.11a
• 3. 802.11g
• 4. 802.11n
• 5. 802.11ac
• Amanye amazinga e-Wi-Fi
• 1. 802.11ad
• 2. 802.11ah
• 3. 802.11aj
• 4. 802.11ak
• 5. 802.11ay
• 6. 802.11ax

Amazinga e-Wi-Fi Achaziwe: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a

Amanye amazinga akamuva e-Wi-Fi yi-802.11n, 802.11ac, ne-802.11ax. Lawa magama angadida kalula umsebenzisi. Ngakho, amagama anikezwe kulawa mazinga yi-Wi-Fi Alliance yilezi - Wi-Fi 4, Wi-Fi 5, ne-W-Fi 6. Ungase uqaphele ukuthi wonke amazinga ano-'802.11' kuwo.

Yini i-802.11?

802.11 ingabhekwa njengesisekelo esiyisisekelo lapho yonke eminye imikhiqizo engenazintambo yakhiwe khona. 802.11 bekungowokuqala I-WLAN ejwayelekile. Yakhiwe yi-IEEE ngo-1997. Yayinobubanzi bangaphakathi obungamafithi angu-66 kanye nobubanzi bangaphandle obungamafithi angu-330. 802.11 imikhiqizo engenantambo ayisakwenziwa ngenxa yomkhawulokudonsa wayo ophansi (cishe u-2 Mbps). Kodwa-ke, amanye amazinga amaningi akhiwe azungeze i-802.11.

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi amazinga e-Wi-Fi athuthuke kanjani kusukela kwadalwa i-WLAN yokuqala. Okuxoxwe ngakho ngezansi ngamazinga ahlukahlukene e-Wi-Fi avele kusukela ngo-802.11, ngokulandelana kwesikhathi.

1. 802.11b

Yize i-802.11 bekuyindinganiso yokuqala ye-WLAN, ibingu-802.11b eyenza i-Wi-Fi yaziwe. Iminyaka engu-2 ngemva kuka-802.11, ngo-September 1999, 802.11b yakhululwa. Nakuba isasebenzisa imvamisa yokusayinda yomsakazo efanayo engu-802.11 (cishe i-2.4 GHz), isivinini sikhuphuke sisuka ku-2 Mbps saya ku-11 Mbps. Lokhu kwakuseyijubane lethiyori. Empeleni, umkhawulokudonsa olindelekile wawungu-5.9 Mbps (ye I-TCP ) kanye ne-7.1 Mbps (ye I-UDP ). Akuyona kuphela endala kodwa futhi inejubane elincane phakathi kwawo wonke amazinga. 802.11b inobubanzi obungamafidi angama-150.

Njengoba isebenza ngemvamisa engalawulwa, ezinye izinto zikagesi zasekhaya ebangeni elingu-2.4 GHz (njengamahhavini namafoni angenazintambo) zingabangela ukuphazamiseka. Le nkinga igwenywe ngokufaka igiya buqamama nemishini ebingase iphazamiseke. 802.11b kanye nezinga layo elilandelayo elingu-802.11a kwavunywa kokubili ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa kwaba ngu-802.11b ofike kuqala ezimakethe.

2. 802.11a

I-802.11a idalwe ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-802.11b. Lobu buchwepheshe bubili bebungahambisani ngenxa yomehluko wamafrikhwensi. I-802.11a isebenza ngefrikhwensi engu-5GHz engagcwele kakhulu. Ngakho, amathuba okuphazamiseka aye ancishiswa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemvamisa ephezulu, amadivayisi we-802.11a abe nebanga elincane futhi amasiginali angeke angene kalula kwizithiyo.

802.11a usebenzise indlela ebizwa ngokuthi I-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ukwakha isignali engenantambo. I-802.11a iphinde yathembisa umkhawulokudonsa ophakeme kakhulu - umkhawulo wethiyori ongu-54 Mbps. Njengoba amadivaysi angu-802.11a ayemba eqolo ngaleso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwakulinganiselwe ezinhlelweni zebhizinisi. 802.11b kwakuyindinganiso eyayivamile phakathi kwabantu abavamile. Ngakho-ke, idume kakhulu kune-802.11a.

3. 802.11g

I-802.11g yavunywa ngoJuni 2003. Izinga lenze umzamo wokuhlanganisa izinzuzo ezinikezwe izindinganiso ezimbili zokugcina - 802.11a & 802.11b. Ngakho, i-802.11g inikeze umkhawulokudonsa we-802.11a (54 Mbps). Kodwa inikeze ububanzi obukhulu ngokusebenza kumafrikhwensi afanayo njengo-802.11b (2.4 GHz). Nakuba izindinganiso ezimbili zokugcina bezingahambisani, i-802.11g ibuyela emuva ihambisana no-802.11b. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-adaptha enethiwekhi engenantambo angu-802.11b angasetshenziswa namaphoyinti okufinyelela angu-802.11g.

Leli izinga elingabizi kakhulu elisasetshenziswa. Nakuba inikeza ukusekelwa cishe kwawo wonke amadivaysi angenawaya asetshenziswa namuhla, ayinawo ubungozi. Uma kukhona noma yimaphi amadivayisi angu-802.11b axhunyiwe, yonke inethiwekhi iyancipha ukuze ifane nesivinini sayo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuthi indinganiso endala kunazo zonke esetshenziswayo, ihamba kancane futhi.

Leli zinga beliyigxathu elibalulekile eliya ejubaneni elingcono nokumbozwa. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi lapho abathengi bethi bayakujabulela amarotha ngekhava engcono kunamazinga adlule.

4. 802.11n

Iphinde yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Wi-Fi 4 yi-Wi-Fi Alliance, leli zinga lagunyazwa ngo-Okthoba 2009. Bekuyindinganiso yokuqala eyasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-MIMO. I-MIMO imele Okokufaka Okuningi Okuphumayo Okuningi . Kuleli lungiselelo, abathumeli abaningi nabamukeli basebenza ekugcineni noma kuzo zombili iziphetho zesixhumanisi. Lokhu kuyintuthuko enkulu ngoba akusadingeki uncike kumkhawulokudonsa ophezulu noma amandla okudlulisa ukuze kunyuke idatha.

Nge-802.11n, i-Wi-Fi isheshe kakhulu futhi ithembeke kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile igama elithi dual-band kusuka kubathengisi be-LAN. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idatha ilethwa kumafrikhwensi ama-2. I-802.11n isebenza kumafrikhwensi angu-2 - 2.45 GHz no-5 GHz. I-802.11n inomkhawulokudonsa wethiyori ongu-300 Mbps. Kukholakala ukuthi isivinini singafinyelela ngisho ku-450 Mbps uma kusetshenziswa izimpondo ezi-3. Ngenxa yezimpawu zokuqina okuphezulu, amadivayisi angu-802.11n ahlinzeka ngebanga elikhulu uma liqhathaniswa nalawo ezindinganiso zangaphambilini. I-802.11 ihlinzeka ngosekelo lwezinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi wenethiwekhi engenantambo. Nokho, kubiza ngaphezu kuka-802.11g. Futhi, uma isetshenziswa ebangeni eliseduze namanethiwekhi angu-802.11b/g, kungase kube khona ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamasignali amaningi.

Funda futhi: Yini i-Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?

5. 802.11ac

Ikhishwe ngo-2014, leli izinga elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla. I-802.11ac yanikezwa igama elithi Wi-Fi 5 yi-Wi-Fi Alliance. Amarutha asekhaya angenawaya namuhla athobela i-Wi-Fi 5 futhi asebenza kumafrikhwensi angu-5GHz. Isebenzisa i-MIMO, okusho ukuthi kukhona izimpondo eziningi ekuthumeleni nasekutholeni amadivaysi. Kukhona iphutha elincishisiwe nesivinini esikhulu. Okukhethekile lapha ukuthi, kusetshenziswa i-MIMO yabasebenzisi abaningi. Lokhu kuyenza isebenze kahle nakakhulu. Ku-MIMO, ukusakaza okuningi kuqondiswe kuklayenti elilodwa. Ku-MU-MIMO, ukusakazwa kwendawo kungaqondiswa kumaklayenti amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kungase kungakhulisi isivinini seklayenti elilodwa. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwedatha iyonke kwenethiwekhi kwenyuke kakhulu.

Izinga lisekela ukuxhumana okuningi kuwo womabili amabhendi efrikhwensi esebenza kuwo - 2.5 GHz kanye no-5 GHz. I-802.11g isekela ukusakaza okune kuyilapho leli zinga lisekela ukusakaza okufika kokungu-8 okuhlukene uma kusebenza kubhendi yefrikhwensi engu-5 GHz.

I-802.11ac isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obubizwa nge-beamforming. Lapha, izimpondo zisakaza amasignali omsakazo ngendlela yokuthi aqondiswe kudivayisi ethile. Leli zinga lisekela amanani edatha afika ku-3.4 Gbps. Kungokokuqala ukuthi isivinini sedatha sikhuphukele kumagigabhayithi. Umkhawulokudonsa ohlinzekwayo ucishe ube ngu-1300 Mbps ebhendini engu-5 GHz kanye no-450 Mbps ebhendi ye-2.4 GHz.

Izinga lihlinzeka ngebanga lesignali elingcono kakhulu nesivinini. Ukusebenza kwayo kuhambisana nokuxhumana okunezintambo okujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kungabonakala kuphela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu. Futhi, yizinga elibiza kakhulu ukulisebenzisa.

Amanye amazinga e-Wi-Fi

1. 802.11ad

Izinga laqalwa ngoZibandlela wezi-2012. Izinga elishesha kakhulu. Isebenza ngesivinini esingakholakali esingu-6.7 Gbps. Isebenza ku-60 GHz frequency band. Okuwukuphela kokubi uhla lwayo olufushane. Isivinini esishiwo singafinyelelwa kuphela uma idivayisi ingaphakathi kwerediyasi engamafidi angu-11 ukusuka endaweni yokufinyelela.

2. 802.11ah

802.11ah yaziwa nangokuthi i-Wi-Fi HaLow. Yavunywa ngoSepthemba 2016 futhi yakhululwa ngoMeyi 2017. Inhloso ukunikeza izinga elingenantambo elibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi. Yenzelwe amanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi adlulela ngale kokufinyeleleka kwamabhendi ajwayelekile angu-2.4 GHz kanye no-5 GHz (ikakhulukazi lawo manethiwekhi asebenza ngaphansi kwebhendi engu-1 GH). Kuleli zinga, isivinini sedatha singakhuphuka sifike ku-347 Mbps. Izinga lenzelwe amadivayisi anamandla aphansi njengamadivayisi we-IoT. Ngo-802.11ah, ukuxhumana kumabanga amade ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla amaningi kungenzeka. Kukholakala ukuthi izinga lizoqhudelana nobuchwepheshe beBluetooth.

3. 802.11aj

Kuyinguqulo eguqulwe kancane yezinga le-802.11ad. Ihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ezifundeni ezisebenza kubhendi ye-59-64 GHz (ikakhulukazi i-China). Ngakho-ke, izinga libuye libe nelinye igama - i-China Millimeter Wave. Isebenza ebhendini yaseChina 45 GHz kodwa ibuyela emuva iyahambisana ne-802.11ad.

4. 802.11ak

I-802.11ak ihlose ukuhlinzeka ngosizo ngoxhumo lwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwamanethiwekhi angu-802.1q, kumadivayisi anamandla angu-802.11. NgoNovemba 2018, izinga libe nesimo esisalungiswa. Ihloselwe ukuzijabulisa kwasekhaya neminye imikhiqizo enamandla angu-802.11 kanye nomsebenzi we-ethernet ongu-802.3.

5. 802.11ay

Izinga le-802.11ad linomphumela ongu-7 Gbps. I-802.11ay, eyaziwa nangokuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo esingu-60GHz, ihlose ukuzuza ukuphuma okungafika ku-20 Gbps kubhendi yefrikhwensi engu-60GHz. Izinjongo ezengeziwe yilezi - ukwanda kwebanga nokuthembeka.

6. 802.11ax

Edume kakhulu ngokuthi i-Wi-Fi 6, lena kuzoba umlandeli we-Wi-Fi 5. Inezinzuzo eziningi nge-Wi-Fi 5, njengokuzinza okungcono ezindaweni eziminyene, isivinini esikhulu ngisho nalapho amadivayisi amaningi exhunywe, ukwenza ama-beamforming kangcono, njll. … I-WLAN esebenza kahle kakhulu. Kulindeleke ukuthi inikeze ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ezifundeni eziminyene njengezikhumulo zezindiza. Isivinini esilinganiselwe okungenani izikhathi ezingu-4 kunejubane lamanje ku-Wi-Fi 5. Isebenza ku-spectrum efanayo - 2.4 GHz no-5 GHz. Njengoba futhi ithembisa ukuphepha okungcono futhi isebenzisa amandla amancane, zonke izisetshenziswa ezingenantambo zesikhathi esizayo zizokhiqizwa ngendlela yokuthi zithobelana ne-Wi-Fi 6.

Kunconyiwe: Uyini Umehluko Phakathi Kwerutha neModemu?

Isifinyezo

• Amazinga e-Wi-Fi ayisethi yezicaciso zokuxhuma okungenantambo.
• Lawa mazinga ethulwa yi-IEEE futhi agunyazwa futhi agunyazwa i-Wi-Fi Alliance.
• Abasebenzisi abaningi abawazi la mazinga ngenxa yohlelo lokuqamba amagama oludidayo olwamukelwa i-IEEE.
• Ukwenza kube lula kubasebenzisi, i-Wi-Fi Alliance iphinde yabhapathiza izindinganiso ze-Wi-Fi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ngamagama asebenziseka kalula.
• Ngawo wonke amazinga amasha, kunezici ezengeziwe, isivinini esingcono, ibanga elide, njll.
• Izinga le-Wi-Fi elisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla i-Wi-Fi 5.

U-Elon ungumbhali wezobuchwepheshe e-Cyber ​​S. Ubelokhu ebhala imihlahlandlela yokuthi kwenziwa kanjani cishe iminyaka eyi-6 futhi uhlanganise izihloko eziningi. Uthanda ukumboza izihloko ezihlobene ne-Windows, i-Android, namaqhinga namathiphu akamuva.